Bank Rescue Measures Under International Investment Law: What Role for the Principle of Causation?
In: Hofmann/Schill/Tams, International Investment Law and the Global Financial Architecture, Elgar 2017 Forthcoming
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In: Hofmann/Schill/Tams, International Investment Law and the Global Financial Architecture, Elgar 2017 Forthcoming
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In: OGEL/TDM 3 (2015)
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Working paper
In: Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre Occasional Paper, 2015
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Working paper
In: The Journal of World Investment & Trade, July 2014, pp. 506-533.
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Working paper
In: T. Takács, A. Dimopoulos and A. Ott (eds.), 'Linking trade and non-commercial interests: the EU as a global role model?,' CLEER Working Papers 2013, pp. 65-81.
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Working paper
In: K. P. Sauvant (ed.), Yearbook on International Investment Law & Policy 2010/2011, Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 165-215.
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In: The Italian Yearbook of International Law XXI (2011) 211-239.
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Working paper
In: The Italian Yearbook of International Law Online, Band 21, Heft 1, S. 211-239
ISSN: 2211-6133
In: Rivista di studi sulla sostenibilità, Heft 1, S. 135-150
ISSN: 2239-7221
In: EFSA supporting publications, Band 20, Heft 11
ISSN: 2397-8325
Current legislation in Italy provides that medical Cannabis may be administered orally or by inhalation. One of the fundamental criteria for the administration of oral formulations is that they deliver a known consistent quantity of the active ingredients to ensure uniform therapies leading to the optimisation of the risks/benefits. In 2018, our group developed an improved Cannabis oil extraction technique. The objective of the present work was to carry out a stability study for the oil extracts obtained by this method. Furthermore, in order to facilitate the consumption of the prescribed medical Cannabis therapy by patients, a standard procedure was defined for the preparation of a single-dose preparation for oral use (hard capsules) containing the oil extract; thereafter, the quality and stability were evaluated. The hard capsules loaded with the oil extract were analysed and found to be uniform in content. The encapsulation process did not alter the quantity of the active molecule present in the oil. The stability tests yielded excellent results. Since the capsule dosage form is easily transported and administered, has pleasant organoleptic properties and is stable at room temperature for extended periods of time, this would facilitate the adherence to therapy by patients in treatment.
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Under current legislation in Italy, Cannabis for medical purposes may be administered orally in the form of decoction or Cannabis oil extract. The scientific literature reports a number of preparation methods, mainly for oils, but no study is available that compares thoroughly, from a technological viewpoint, the Cannabis-based formulations currently administered to patients. With this in mind, this research work aimed to carry out specific formulation studies to design standard operating procedures for the preparation and optimization of Cannabis-based galenic formulations. Both decoctions and oils were prepared under different operating conditions to identify the most efficient process for the production of formulations with a high concentration of decarboxylated delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Regarding Cannabis oil, a new procedure has been developed that allows significantly higher recovery rates for THC and CBD compared with those for water-based extraction methods (decoction) and those for oil-based methods currently in use. Moreover, based on the results, it is possible to affirm that the prescription of Cannabis-based decoctions should not be the recommended first-choice solution for therapy, considering the low concentration of THC and CBD and, consequently, the high volume of decoction that the patient would have to ingest.
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